Descripción de las medidas laborales adoptadas ante la pandemia Covid-19 en Colombia: características y alcance

Con la declaratoria de la emergencia sanitaria ante la pandemia mundial por Covid-19, el gobierno empezó a implementar una serie de medidas para mitigar el riesgo de contagio, con grandes consecuencias en el sector económico, especialmente en materia laboral. Este artículo describe la normatividad laboral expedida durante el año 2020, realizando una caracterización frente a su alcance y actores afectados. Para ello, se utilizó una metodología cualitativa mediante análisis documental, con la normatividad nacional como unidad de análisis principal, e investigaciones sobre medidas laborales a nivel internacional como fuentes comparativas. Los resultados del análisis permiten llegar a un mapa conceptual representado por la normatividad en las categorías de protección laboral y fiscal, de la que se derivan clasificación por actores/beneficiarios y un comparativo con las principales medidas en las principales regiones del mundo, identificando que las medidas no alcanzaron la efectividad esperada dadas las altas tasas de desempleo e informalidad que se mantienen desde el año 2020 a la fecha.

With the declaration of a health emergency in the face of the global Covid-19 pandemic, the government began to implement a series of measures to mitigate the risk of contagion, with significant consequences in the economic sector especially in labor matters. This article describes the labor regulations issued during the year 2020, characterizing their scope and affected actors. For this, a qualitative methodology was used through documentary analysis, with national regulations as the main unit of analysis, and research on labor measures at the international level as comparative sources. The results of the analysis allow us to arrive at a conceptual map represented by the regulations in the categories of labor and fiscal protection, from which classification by actors/beneficiaries and a comparison with the main measures in the central regions of the world are derived, identifying that the measures did not reach the expected effectiveness given the high rates of unemployment and informality that have been maintained since 2020 to date.

Com a declaração de emergência sanitária face à pandemia global por Covid-19, o Governo passou a implementar um conjunto de medidas para mitigar o risco de contágio, com grandes consequências no setor económico, sobretudo em matéria laboral. Este artigo descreve os regulamentos trabalhistas emitidos durante o ano de 2020, fazendo uma caracterização quanto ao seu alcance e atores afetados. Para isso, utilizou-se uma metodologia qualitativa por meio da análise documental, tendo como principal unidade de análise as normativas nacionais, e a pesquisa sobre medidas trabalhistas em nível internacional como fontes comparativas. Os resultados da análise permitem chegar a um mapa conceitual representado pelas regulamentações nas categorias de proteção trabalhista e fiscal, do qual deriva a classificação por atores/beneficiários e uma comparação com as principais medidas nas principais regiões do mundo, identificando que as medidas não atingiram a efetividade esperada dados os altos índices de desemprego e informalidade que se mantêm desde 2020 até o momento.

Borders, cross-border cooperation and depopulation: the case of the Spanish-Portuguese North-Central Border.

Background: Cross-border cooperation has been (and still is) one of the main assets of the acquis communitiare in everything that refers to cross-border development. In fact, development initiatives aimed at addressing the problems of intra-European border areas could have better results if they were concerted (horizontally coordinated) and executed jointly by the governments, national, and local actors from both border sides, to improve their populations' quality of life. The study goal is to provide new contributions that enrich critical reflection and debate on the issue of depopulation, in order to propose economic policy recommendations within a framework of cross-border institutional cooperation and inter- and intra-governmental coordination of political actors involved. Methods: We prepared a descriptive analysis of its evolution during the period 1960-2020, with three essential variables: a) population evolution border based on the losses or gains verified with respect to 1960; b) critical population mass existing in 2020 based on the indicator of population density (inhabitants per square kilometer), and c) level of population aging based on the indicator percentage of population over 65 years of age over total population. Our descriptive analysis exclusively covers the border municipalities located along the both sides of the Spanish-Portuguese north-central border line, a total of 49 border municipalities (nine Portuguese and 40 spanish). Results: The results show the existence of this recessive demographic continuum, which extends to both sides of the border, causes the need to face the depopulating phenomenon from a transnational and European perspective, in the sense that 'national' solutions to the phenomenon will not be able to offer answers common and consistent to a phenomenon as complex as depopulation. Conclusions: It is necessary to reinforce the existing cross-border cooperation, providing it with greater operability at the level of institutional and administrative coordination, deepening the multilevel governance of the territory.

Among these imbalances that affect border areas, both depopulation and population aging appear as very current phenomena that affect many continental territories of the European Union and, in particular, border areas such as the Spanish-Portuguese Central-North border. Our work explores the relationships between the phenomenon of depopulation and the cross-border cooperation actions are carried out on the Spanish-Portuguese Central-North border. Our work proposes a descriptive-evolutionary analysis of the situation of the border population in the period 1960­2020, taking as a territorial basis the border municipalities of the Spanish-Portuguese central-north border, covering a total of 49 border municipalities (nine Portuguese and 40 Spanish). The analysis considers three essential variables: population evolution depending on the border on the losses or gains verified with respect to 1960; critical mass of existing population in 2020 based on the indicator of population density (inhabitants per square kilometer), and level of population aging based on the indicator percentage of population over 65 years of the total population. The final purpose of this work is to provide new materials that enrich reflection and critical debate on the issue of depopulation, in order to propose Economic Policy recommendations, within a framework of cross-border institutional cooperation and inter and intragovernmental coordination. In this sense, the results show that the existence of a recessive demographic continuum, which extends to both sides of the Spanish-Portuguese central-north border, which causes the need to face the depopulation phenomenon from a transnational and, above all, European perspective. Since the 'national' solutions to the depopulating phenomenon will not be able to offer common and coherent answers to a problem as complex as depopulation. For this, it is necessary to reinforce the existing cross-border cooperation, making it more operational at the level of institutional and administrative coordination, deepening the multilevel governance of the territory.

Cardiopulmonary Mortality and Fine Particulate Air Pollution by Species and Source in a National U.S. Cohort.

The purpose of this study was to estimate cardiopulmonary mortality associations for long-term exposure to PM2.5 species and sources (i.e., components) within the U.S. National Health Interview Survey cohort. Exposures were estimated through a chemical transport model for six species (i.e., elemental carbon (EC), primary organic aerosols (POA), secondary organic aerosols (SOA), sulfate (SO4), ammonium (NH4), nitrate (NO3)) and five sources of PM2.5 (i.e., vehicles, electricity-generating units (EGU), non-EGU industrial sources, biogenic sources (bio), "other" sources). In single-pollutant models, we found positive, significant (p < 0.05) mortality associations for all components, except POA. After adjusting for remaining PM2.5 (total PM2.5 minus component), we found significant mortality associations for EC (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.36; 95% CI [1.12, 1.64]), SOA (HR = 1.11; 95% CI [1.05, 1.17]), and vehicle sources (HR = 1.06; 95% CI [1.03, 1.10]). HRs for EC, SOA, and vehicle sources were significantly larger in comparison to those for remaining PM2.5 (per unit µg/m3). Our findings suggest that cardiopulmonary mortality associations vary by species and source, with evidence that EC, SOA, and vehicle sources are important contributors to the PM2.5 mortality relationship. With further validation, these findings could facilitate targeted pollution regulations that more efficiently reduce air pollution mortality.

Experience of speech pathology and nutritional monitoring of oral feeding in older people from a community-based approach / Experiencia de acompañamiento fonoaudiológico y nutricional de la alimentación oral en personas mayores desde un enfoque comunitario

ABSTRACT Purpose: to describe the changes in the body composition and swallowing of an older-people group from a community-based speech therapy and nutrition program. Methods: a pre-experimental study of a single group was carried out, with prospective timing and pre-post evaluation for three months. The Body Mass Index (BMI), percentage of body fat (%BF), percentage of muscle mass (%MM), percentage of visceral fat (%VF), swallowing performance, and Swallowing Quality of Life (Swall-QoL) were evaluated. The Spearman correlation coefficient and the Mann-Whitney U test were used, significance level p<0.05. Results: 13 older people participated in the study. The average age of the group was 73.8 years (SD= 4.6). The BMI (pre=28.17; post=28.38), %BF (pre=38.5; post=38.7), %MM (pre=24.8; post=24.9) and %VF (pre=14.3; post=14.8) did not present significant differences (p>0.05). The scores obtained in the deglutition test was pre=19.15 and post=18.9. An association between BMI and VF (Rho=0.74; p=0.02) was detected. Conclusion: the program represented a community-based instance of health promotion focus on oral feeding of older people.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir los cambios generados en la composición corporal y deglución de un grupo de personas mayores a partir de un programa de acompañamiento fonoaudiológico y nutricional, de base comunitario. Métodos: estudio pre-experimental de grupo único, con temporalidad prospectiva y evaluación pre-post para un periodo de 3 meses. Se evaluó el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC), porcentaje de masa muscular (%MM), porcentaje de grasa visceral (% GV), desempeño deglutorio y calidad de vida asociada a la deglución (CVaD). Se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman y la prueba U de Mann-Whitney, considerando un nivel de significancia p<0,05. Resultados: 13 personas mayores participaron en el estudio. La edad media del grupo fue de 73,8 años (D.S.= 4.6). El IMC (pre= 28.17; post= 28.38), %GC (pre= 38.5; post= 38.7), %MM (pre= 24.8; post= 24.9) y %GV (pre= 14.3; post= 14.8) no advirtieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p>0.05). Los puntajes obtenidos en la prueba de tamizaje deglutorio fueron pre= 19.15; y post= 18.9. Se detectó una asociación entre IMC y GV (Rho= 0.74; p=0.02). Conclusión: el programa representó una instancia de promoción de la salud centrada en la alimentación oral de personas mayores en la comunidad.

Composición química y caracterización de flavonoides de extractos metanólicos de hojas de dos tipos de Ruta chalepensis L / Chemical composition and flavonoids characterization of the methanolic extract of leaves of two types of Ruta Chalepensis L

Objetivos. Detectar metabolitos secundarios y caracterizar estructuras químicas de flavonoides de los extractos metanólicos de hojas de dos tipos de Ruta chalepensis L. «ruda macho¼ y «ruda hembra¼. Materiales y métodos. Se elaboraron extractos metanólicos de hojas de Ruta chalepensis L. «ruda macho¼ y «ruda hembra¼. Se llevó a cabo la prueba de solubilidad de los extractos obtenidos utilizando solventes de polaridad creciente. Posteriormente, se detectaron los metabolitos secundarios presentes en los extractos mediante la ejecución del tamizaje fitoquímico, donde se utilizaron diversos reactivos Shinoda, Dragendorff, Borntrager, entre otros. Se utilizó el método de cromatografía en capa fina, espectrofotometría UV/Vis y reactivos de desplazamiento para caracterizar las estructuras químicas de los flavonoides presentes en los extractos metanólicos de hojas de Ruta chalepensis L. «ruda macho¼ y «ruda hembra¼. Resultados. El extracto metanólico de hojas de Ruta chalepensis L. «ruda macho¼ presentó una mayor afinidad por solventes polares, mientras que en el extracto metanólico de hojas de Ruta chalepensis L. «ruda hembra¼ fue soluble en solventes medianamente polares. Se detectaron metabolitos secundarios tales como: taninos, alcaloides y flavonoides en ambos tipos. Por otro lado, se caracterizaron diez estructuras químicas tipo flavonoides a través del análisis de los espectros UV/Vis y utilizando reactivos de desplazamiento, de las cuales cinco corresponden a Ruta chalepensis L. «ruda macho¼ y las restantes a Ruta chalepensis L. «ruda hembra¼. Conclusiones. Se detectaron algunos metabolitos secundarios caracterizándose diez estructuras químicas de flavonoides en los extractos metanólicos de hojas de Ruta chalepensis L. «ruda macho¼ y «ruda hembra¼. Asimismo, la presencia de rutina en «ruda hembra¼ es la principal característica que la diferencia de «ruda macho¼.

Objective. To detect the secondary metabolites and characterize the chemical structures of the flavonoids in the methanolic extracts of leaves of the Ruta chalepensis L. "ruda macho" and "ruda hembra" types. Materials and methods. We elaborate the methanolic extracts of Ruta chalepensis L. leaves "ruda macho" and "ruda hembra". Then, the solubility test of the obtained extracts was carried out using solvents of increasing polarity. Subsequently, the secondary metabolites present in the extracts were detected by executing the phytochemical screening, various reagents were used: Shinoda, Dragendorff, Borntrager, among others. The method of thin layer chromatography, UV / Vis spectrophotometry and displacement reagents was used to characterize the chemical structures of the flavonoids in the methanolic extracts of leaves of the Ruta chalepensis L. "ruda macho" and "ruda hembra". Results. The methanolic extract of Ruta chalepensis L. "ruda macho" leaves showed a greater affinity for polar solvents, while the methanolic extract of Ruta chalepensis L. "ruda hembra" leaves was soluble in moderately polar solvents. Secondary metabolites were detected, such as: tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids in both types. On the other hand, ten flavonoidtype chemical structures were characterized through the analysis of UV / Vis spectra and using displacement reagent, of which five of them correspond to Ruta chalepensis L. "ruda macho" and the others to Ruta chalepensis L. "ruda hembra". Conclusions. Some secondary metabolites were detected and ten chemical structures of flavonoids were characterized in the methanolic extracts of Ruta chalepensis L. "ruda macho" and "ruda hembra" leaves. Likewise, the presence of rutina in "ruda hembra" is the main characteristic that differentiates it from "ruda macho".

Propuesta de compuestos fenólicos presentes en el extracto metanólico de hojas de Clinopodium pulchellum (Kunth) Govaerts "panisara" / Characterization of phenolic compounds of the metallolic extract of leaves of clinopodium pulchellum (kunth) govaerts «panisara¼

Objetivos. Proponer compuestos fenólicos presentes en el extracto metanólico de hojas de Clinopodium pulchellum (Kunth) Govaerts «panisara¼. Materiales y métodos. Se preparó un extracto metanólico de las hojas de Clinopodium pulchellum (Kunth) Govaerts «panisara¼, se determinó la solubilidad por disolución de extracto en solventes de polaridad creciente. Se detectaron algunos componentes químicos mediante un screening fitoquímico empleando gelatina, tricloruro férrico, reacción de Mayer, reacción de Shinoda, entre otros. Se realizó cromatografía en capa fina, revelándose por aspersión con reactivos cromogénicos y se propone posibles estructuras de componentes mediante espectroscopía UV. Resultados. El extracto metanólico presentó buena solubilidad en solventes de alta y mediana polaridad. El screening fitoquímico dio resultados positivos para la presencia de compuestos fenólicos y compuestos nitrogenados: flavonoides, alcaloides y glicósidos. Conclusión. Se propuso la estructura química de tres flavonoides obtenidos del extracto metanólico de hojas de Clinopodium pulchellum (Kunth) Govaerts «panisara¼.

Objectives. Propose phenolic compounds present in the methanolic extract of Clinopodium pulchellum (Kunth) Govaerts "panisara" leaves. Materials and methods. A methanolic extract of the Clinopodium pulchellum (Kunth) Govaerts "panisara" leaves was prepared by maceration, the solubility was determined by dissolving the extract in solvents of increasing polarity. Some chemical components were detected by phytochemical screening using gelatin, ferric trichloride, Mayer reaction, Shinoda reaction, among others. Thin layer chromatography was performed, revealing by spray with chromogenic reagents and possible component structures by UV spectroscopy. Results. The methanolic extract showed good solubility in solvents of high and medium polarity. Phytochemical screening gave positive results for the presence of phenolic compounds and nitrogen compounds: flavonoids, alkaloids and glycosides. Conclusion. The chemical structure of three flavonoids obtained from the methanolic leaf extract of Clinopodium pulchellum (Kunth) Govaerts "panisara" was proposed.

Caracterización de compuestos fenólicos del extracto metanólico de hojas y tallos de Cuphea ciliata Ruiz & Pav. (hierba del toro) / Characterization of phenolic compounds of the metallic extract of stems and leaves of Cuphea ciliata Ruiz & Pav. (hierba del toro)

Objetivos. Caracterizar los compuestos fenólicos presentes en el extracto metanólico de hojas y tallos de Cuphea ciliata Ruiz & Pav. "hierba del toro". Materiales y métodos. Se preparó un extracto metanólico de las hojas y tallos de Cuphea ciliata Ruiz & Pav. Se evaluó la solubilidad del extracto en solventes de alta polaridad, mediana polaridad y no polares. Se detectaron los componentes químicos del extracto metanólico mediante un tamizaje fitoquímico empleando gelatina, tricloruro férrico, reacción de Mayer, reacción de Shinoda, entre otros. Se realizó cromatografía en capa fina y reveladores cromatográficos. Finalmente, mediante el uso del espectrofotómetro UV/Vis se hizo la propuesta de las estructuras de los flavonoides presentes en el extracto metanólico. Resultados. El extracto metanólico presentó una mejor solubilidad en solventes de alta polaridad. El tamizaje fitoquímico dio resultados positivos para la presencia de taninos, compuestos fenólicos, flavonoides, glicósidos y quinonas. Se propuso la estructura química de siete flavonoides obtenidos del extracto estudiado. Conclusiones. Se caracterizó la posible estructura química de siete flavonoides presentes en el extracto metanólico de hojas y tallos de Cuphea ciliata Ruiz & Pav. "hierba del toro".

Objectives. Characterize the phenolic compounds present in the methanolic extract of leaves and stems of Cuphea ciliata Ruiz & Pav. "Bull grass." Materials and methods. A methanolic extract was prepared from the leaves and stems of Cuphea ciliata Ruiz & Pav. The solubility of the extract in solvents of high polarity, medium polarity and non-polar was evaluated. The chemical components of the methanolic extract were detected by phytochemical screening using gelatin, ferric trichloride, Mayer reaction, Shinoda reaction, among others. Thin layer chromatography, chromatographic developers were performed. Finally, through the use of the UV / Vis spectrophotometer, the proposal of the flavonoid structures present in the methanolic extract was made. Results. The methanolic extract showed a better solubility in solvents of high polarity. Phytochemical screening gave positive results for the presence of tannins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, glycosides and quinones. The chemical structure of seven flavonoids obtained from the studied extract was proposed. Conclusions. The possible chemical structure of seven flavonoids present in the methanolic extract of leaves and stems of Cuphea ciliata Ruiz & Pav. "Bull grass" was characterized.

Caracterización de flavonoides en el extracto alcohólico de hojas de Apium graveolens var. Rapaceum, DC / Characterization of flavonoids in alcohol extract of leaves of Apium graveolens var. Rapaceum DC

Objetivo. Caracterizar flavonoides presentes en el extracto y subextracto metanólico de las hojas de Apium graveolens var. Rapaceum, DC. "Apio-nabo". Materiales y métodos. Se elaboró un extracto y subextracto metanólico de las hojas Apium graveolens var. Rapaceum, DC. "Apio-nabo". Se determinó la solubilidad del extracto metanólico en solventes de polaridad creciente. Se detectaron los componentes químicos del extracto y subextracto metanólico mediante un tamizaje fitoquímico empleando gelatina, tricloruro férrico, reactivo de Shinoda, reactivo de Dragendorff y reactivo de Ninhidrina, entre otros. Se ejecutó cromatografía en capa fina y mediante espectroscopia UV/Vis se propuso estructuras químicas para los metabolitos tipo flavonoides presentes en el extracto y subextracto metanólico de hojas de Apium graveolens var. Rapaceum, DC. "Apio-nabo". Resultados. El extracto metanólico de hojas de Apium graveolens var. Rapaceum, DC fue soluble en solventes polares. Los metabolitos secundarios encontrados son compuestos fenólicos tipo flavonoides, taninos y alcaloides en el extracto y subextracto metanólico. Se propuso tres estructuras químicas de flavonoides a través del análisis de los espectros UV/Vis, y mediante comparación con lo publicado por TJ Mabry y Olga Lock. Conclusión. Se caracterizó la posible estructura química de tres metabolitos secundarios tipo flavona encontrados en el subextracto metanólico de hojas de Apium graveolens var. Rapaceum, DC.

Objective. To characterize flavonoids present in the methanol extract and subextract of the leaves of Apium graveolens var. Rapaceum, DC. "Celery-turnip". Materials and methods. An methanolic extract and subextract of Apium graveolens var. Rapaceum, DC. "Celery-turnip" was prepared. The solubility of the methanolic extract in solvents of increasing polarity was determined. The chemical components of the methanolic extract and subextract were detected by means of a phytochemical screening using gelatin, ferric trichloride, Shinoda reagent, Dragendorff reagent and Ninhydrin reagent, among others. Thin layer chromatography was carried out and by means of UV / Vis spectroscopy chemical structures were proposed for the flavonoid metabolites present in the methanolic extract and subextract of Apium graveolens var. Rapaceum, DC. "Celery-turnip". Results. It was determined that the methanolic extract of the leaves of Apium graveolens var. Rapaceum, DC. is soluble in polar solvents. The metabolites, the phenolic compounds, the flavonoids, the tannins and the alkaloids in the extract and methanol subextract. Flavonoid chemical structures are proposed through the analysis of the UV / Vis spectra, and it has been published with TJ Mabry and Olga Lock. Conclusion. The possible chemical structure of three secondary flavone metabolites found in methanolic subextract of leaves of Apium graveolens var. Rapaceum, DC.

Determinación estructural de flavonas presentes en el extracto metanólico de hojas de Marrubium vulgare L. "Cordón" / Structural determination of flavones presents in the methanolic extract of leaves of Marrubium vulgare L.. "Cordón"

Objetivo. Determinar la estructura química de flavonas aisladas del extracto metanólico de hojas de Marrubium vulgare L. "Cordón", mediante comparación con lo publicado por TJ Mabry. Materiales y métodos. Se elaboró extracto metanólico de hojas de Marrubium vulgare L. "Cordón" . Se determinó su solubilidad en solventes de polaridad creciente. Se detectaron los componentes químicos utilizando tricloruro férrico, reactivo de Shinoda, gelatina, entre otros reactivos cromogénicos. Se realizó cromatografía en capa fina y por espectroscopía UV/VIS se propusieron estructuras químicas para los metabolitos tipo flavonas presentes en el extracto metanólico de hojas de Marrubium vulgare L. "Cordón" . Resultados. El extracto metanólico de hojas de Marrubium vulgare L. "Cordón" fue soluble en solventes de mediana polaridad. Los metabolitos secundarios encontrados fueron flavonoides, taninos y alcaloides. Se propusieron estructuras químicas de flavonas a través del análisis de los espectros UV/Vis, y por comparación con tablas publicadas en la literatura. Conclusiones. Se determinaron nueve estructuras químicas de metabolitos secundarios tipo flavonas del extracto metanólico de hojas de Marrubium vulgare L. "Cordón" mediante comparación con lo publicado por TJ Mabry.

Objective. Determine the chemical structure of flavones isolated from the methanolic extract of Marrubium vulgare L. "Cordón" leaves by comparison with that published by TJ Mabry. Materials and methods. Methanolic leaf extract of Marrubium vulgare L. "Cordón" was prepared. Its solubility in solvents of increasing polarity was determined. The chemical components were detected using ferric trichloride, Shinoda reagent, gelatin, among other chromogenic reagents. Thin layer chromatography was performed and by UV / VIS spectroscopy chemical structures were proposed for flavone metabolites present in the methanolic leaf extract of Marrubium vulgare L. "Cordón". Results. The methanolic extract of Marrubium vulgare L. "Cordón" leaves was soluble in medium polarity solvents. The secondary metabolites found were flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. Chemical structures of flavones were proposed through the analysis of the UV / Vis spectra, and by comparison with tables published in the literature. Conclusion. Nine chemical structures of flavone secondary metabolites of the methanolic leaf extract of Marrubium vulgare L. "Cordón" were determined by comparison with that published by TJ Mabry.

Active avoidance requires inhibitory signaling in the rodent prelimbic prefrontal cortex.

Much is known about the neural circuits of conditioned fear and its relevance to understanding anxiety disorders, but less is known about other anxiety-related behaviors such as active avoidance. Using a tone-signaled, platform-mediated avoidance task, we observed that pharmacological inactivation of the prelimbic prefrontal cortex (PL) delayed avoidance. Surprisingly, optogenetic silencing of PL glutamatergic neurons did not delay avoidance. Consistent with this, inhibitory but not excitatory responses of rostral PL neurons were associated with avoidance training. To test the importance of these inhibitory responses, we optogenetically stimulated PL neurons to counteract the tone-elicited reduction in firing rate. Photoactivation of rostral (but not caudal) PL neurons at 4 Hz impaired avoidance. These findings suggest that inhibitory responses of rostral PL neurons signal the avoidability of a potential threat and underscore the importance of designing behavioral optogenetic studies based on neuronal firing responses.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) study in Argentinean Huntington's disease patients.

BACKGROUND: Huntington's disease (HD) is a genetic, rare and progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes motor and cognitive impairment in midlife patients. Although retinal damage was observed in animal HD models and in patients with other neurodegenerative diseases, we still need confirmation of impairment in HD patients. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive methodology that analyses the retinal nerve fibre layers (RNFL) and could reflect processes of neurodegeneration. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 14 HD patients who underwent a spectral domain OCT. Results were compared with a control group. Demographic data were also obtained. RESULTS: Temporal and superior RNFL sectors in HD showed a significant RNFL thinning compared with a control group. However, no differences were identified in mean total RNFL thickness between HD patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS: OCT is a rapid and non-invasive technique that can be investigated in larger cohorts of patients to assess its potential role as a biomarker in HD patients.

Comparison of performance and quantitative descriptive analysis sensory profiling and its relationship to consumer liking between the artisanal cheese producers panel and the descriptive trained panel.

The aim of this research was to compare the performance and sensory profiling of a panel of artisanal cheese producers against a trained panel and their relationship to consumer liking (external preference mapping). Performance was analyzed statistically at an individual level using the Fisher's test (F) for discrimination, the mean square error for repeatability, and Manhattan plots for visualizing the intra-panel homogeneity. At group level, performance was evaluated using ANOVA. External preference mapping technique was applied to determine the efficiency of each sensory profile. Results showed that the producers panel was discriminant and repetitive with a performance similar to that of the trained panel. Manhattan plots showed that the performance of artisanal cheese producers was more homogeneous than trained panelists. The correlation between sensory profiles (Rv = 0.95) demonstrated similarities in the generation and use of sensory profiles. The external preference maps generated individually with the profiles of each panel were also similar. Recruiting individuals familiar with the production of artisanal cheeses as panelists is a viable strategy for sensory characterization of artisanal cheeses within their context of origin because their results were similar to those from the trained panel and can be correlated with consumer liking data.

Mitos y evidencias en el empleo de la toxina botulínica: neurofarmacología y distonías / Myths and evidence on the use of botulinum toxin: neuropharmacology and dystonia

Introducción. La toxina botulínica de tipo A (TBA) ha supuesto una verdadera revolución terapéutica en neurología, y en la actualidad es el tratamiento rutinario en las distonías focales y la espasticidad. Objetivo. Plantear, revisar y responder cuestiones controvertidas en relación con la neurofarmacología de a TBA y su uso en las distonías en la práctica clínica habitual. Desarrollo. Un grupo de expertos en trastornos del movimiento revisó una lista de temas controvertidos relacionados con la farmacología de la TBA y su uso en las distonías. Revisamos la bibliografía e incluimos artículos relevantes especialmente en inglés, pero también, si su importancia lo merece, en castellano y en francés, hasta junio de 2016. El documento se estructuró como un cuestionario que incluyó las preguntas que podrían generar mayor controversia o duda. El borrador inicial del documento fue revisado por los miembros del panel y se realizaron las modificaciones necesarias hasta alcanzar el mayor grado de consenso. Incluimos preguntas sobre diferentes aspectos de la neurofarmacología, especialmente el mecanismo de acción, la bioequivalencia de los diferentes preparados y la inmunogenicidad. En relación con el subapartado de las distonías, se incluyeron aspectos sobre la evaluación y el tratamiento de las distonías focales. Conclusiones. Esta revisión no pretende ser una guía, sino una herramienta práctica destinada a neurólogos y médicos internos residentes interesados en esta área, dentro de diferentes ámbitos específicos del manejo de la TBA (AU)

Introduction. Botulinum toxin type A (BTA) is a bacterial endotoxin, whose therapeutic use has had a dramatic impact on different neurological disorders, such as dystonia and spasticity. Aim. To analyze and summarize different questions about the use of BTA in our clinical practice. Development. A group of experts in neurology developed a list of topics related with the use of BTA. Two groups were considered: neuropharmacology and dystonia. A literature search at PubMed, mainly for English language articles published up to June 2016 was performed. The manuscript was structured as a questionnaire that includes those questions that, according to the panel opinion, could generate more controversy or doubt. The initial draft was reviewed by the expert panel members to allow modifications, and after subsequent revisions for achieving the highest degree of consensus, the final text was then validated. Different questions about diverse aspects of neuropharmacology, such as mechanism of action, bioequivalence of the different preparations, immunogenicity, etc. were included. Regarding dystonia, the document included questions about methods of evaluation, cervical dystonia, blepharospasm, etc. Conclusion. This review does not pretend to be a guide, but rather a tool for continuous training of residents and specialists in neurology, about different specific areas of the management of BTA (AU)

Amygdala inputs to prefrontal cortex guide behavior amid conflicting cues of reward and punishment.

Orchestrating appropriate behavioral responses in the face of competing signals that predict either rewards or threats in the environment is crucial for survival. The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) and prelimbic (PL) medial prefrontal cortex have been implicated in reward-seeking and fear-related responses, but how information flows between these reciprocally connected structures to coordinate behavior is unknown. We recorded neuronal activity from the BLA and PL while rats performed a task wherein competing shock- and sucrose-predictive cues were simultaneously presented. The correlated firing primarily displayed a BLA→PL directionality during the shock-associated cue. Furthermore, BLA neurons optogenetically identified as projecting to PL more accurately predicted behavioral responses during competition than unidentified BLA neurons. Finally photostimulation of the BLA→PL projection increased freezing, whereas both chemogenetic and optogenetic inhibition reduced freezing. Therefore, the BLA→PL circuit is critical in governing the selection of behavioral responses in the face of competing signals.

A multi-criteria approach to identify favorable areas for goat production systems in Veracruz, México.

This research identifies favorable areas for goat production systems in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. Through the use of the analytic hierarchy process, layers of biophysical and soil information were combined to generate a model of favorability. Model validation was performed by calculating the area under the curve, the true skill statistic, and a qualitative comparison with census records. The results showed the existence of regions with high (4494.3 km2) and moderate (2985.8 km2) favorability, and these areas correspond to 6.25 and 4.15%, respectively, of the state territory and are located in the regions of Sierra de Huayacocotla, Perote, and Orizaba. These regions are characterized as mountainous and having predominantly temperate-wet or cold climates, and having montane mesophilic forests, containing pine, fir, and desert scrub. The reliability of the distribution model was supported by the area under the curve value (0.96), the true skill statistic (0.86), and consistency with census records.

Identificación de metabolitos secundarios y efecto antiinflamatorio del extracto etanólico de hojas de Chromolaena leptocephala (DC) R.M. King & H. Rob. "chilca negra" / Identification of secondary metabolites and antiinflammatory effect of the ethanolic extract of leaves of Chromolaena leptocephala (DC) R.M. King & H. Rob. "chilca negra"

Objetivos: Evaluar el efecto antiinflamatorio del extracto etanólico de hojas de Chromolaena leptocephala (DC) R.M. King & H. Rob. "chilca negra" e identificar los metabolitos secundarios presentes. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una identificación de sus metabolitos secundarios mediante un tamizaje fitoquímico y se evaluó el efecto antiinflamatorio del extracto mediante el modelo de edema subplantar en ratas a la dosis suministrada (diclofenaco 50 mg/kg, C. leptocephala 100 mg/kg y 400 mg/kg). Resultados: Dentro de los metabolitos secundarios se encontraron flavonoides, compuestos fenólicos, alcaloides, entre otros. Con respecto al efecto antiinflamatorio del extracto de la planta, se encontró efecto en la concentración de 100 y 400 mg/kg. Conclusión: El extracto etanólico de hojas de Chromolaena leptocephala (DC) R.M. King & H. Rob. "chilca negra" presentó flavonoides, compuestos fenólicos y alcaloides, que ejercerían efecto antiinflamatorio en la concentración de 100 y 400 mg/kg.

Estructura química de compuestos fenólicos del extracto etanólico de hojas de Clinopodium pulchellum (Kunth) Govaerts "panisara" / Chemical structure of phenolic compounds of the ethanolic extract of leaves of Clinopodium pulchellum (Kunth) Govaerts "Panisara"

Objetivos: Proponer la estructura química de componentes fenólicos aislados del extracto etanólico de hojas de Satureja pulchella "panisara", quien en la actualidad presenta el nombre de Clinopodium pulchellum (Kunth) Govaerts y evaluar preliminarmente el posible efecto antioxidante de los compuestos fenólicos. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una identificación fitoquímica mediante ensayos de solubilidad, tamizaje fitoquímico, cromatografía en capa fina y espectroscopía UV/VIS. Por otro lado, se realizó un ensayo preliminar de la actividad antioxidante usando la prueba de 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidracilo (DPPH). Resultados: Se determinó que el extracto etanólico de hojas de Clinopodium pulchellum (Kunth) Govaerts "panisara" es soluble en solventes polares. Los metabolitos secundarios encontrados son compuestos fenólicos tipo flavonoides, alcaloides, quinonas y glicosidos. Se propone siete estructuras químicas de flavonoides a través del análisis de los espectros UV/Vis, y mediante comparación con lo publicado por TJ Mabry y Olga Lock. Al realizar el ensayo preliminar de la actividad antioxidante usando la prueba de 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidracilo (DPPH) se observó disminución de absorbancia, al aplicar el extracto frente al control. Conclusiones: Se propone la estructura química de 7 metabolitos secundarios tipo flavonas que podrían explicar una posible acción antioxidante del extracto etanólico de hojas de Clinopodium pulchellum (Kunth) Govaerts "panisara".

Caracterización de compuestos fenólicos presentes en el extracto etanólico de hojas de Alternanthera lanceolata (Benth) Schinz, "lancetilla" / Characterization of phenolic compounds present in the ethanolic extract of leaves of Alternanthera lanceolata (Benth.) Schinz, "lancetilla"

Objetivos: Caracterizar compuestos fenólicos presentes en el extracto etanólico de las hojas de Alternanthera lanceolata (Benth.) Schinz "lancetilla". Materiales y métodos: Se preparó un extracto etanólico de las hojas de Alternanthera lanceolata (Benth.) Schinz "lancetilla". Se evaluó la solubilidad del extracto en solventes de polaridad creciente. Se detectaron los componentes químicos del extracto etanólico mediante un tamizaje fitoquímico empleando gelatina, tricloruro férrico, reacción de Shinoda, entre otros. Se realizó cromatografía en capa fina, desorción y propuesta de estructuras químicas para los metabolitos tipo flavonoides presentes en el extracto etanólico de hojas de Alternanthera lanceolata (Benth.) Schinz "lancetilla" mediante espectroscopía UV-Vis. Resultados: El extracto etanólico presentó mejor solubilidad en solventes de mediana polaridad. El tamizaje fitoquímico dio resultados positivos para presencia de compuestos fenólicos, flavonoides y glicósidos. Se propuso la estructura química de siete flavonas en el extracto investigado. Conclusiones: Se caracterizó y propuso las estructuras de compuestos fenólicos tipo flavonas en el extracto etanólico de las hojas de Alternanthera lanceolata (Benth.) Schinz "lancetilla".

Determinacion estructural de flavonoides en el extracto etanolico de cladodios de Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. "Tuna Verde" / Structural identification of flavonoids in ethanolic extract of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. "Tuna Verde" cladodes

Objetivos: Determinar estructuralmente los flavonoides encontrados en el extracto etanólico de cladodios de Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. "Tuna Verde". Materiales y métodos: Se preparó el extracto etanólico de cladodios de Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Luego se detectaron sus componentes mediante un tamizaje fitoquímico. A través de cromatografía en capa fina se aislaron los compuestos fenólicos tipo flavonoides. Finalmente, usando espectroscopia UV/Vis se propuso la posible estructura de los flavonoides encontrados. Resultados: El tamizaje fitoquímico mostró presencia de compuestos fenólicos, flavonoides y glicósidos. Se propuso cinco estructuras químicas de compuestos fenólicos, todas con un núcleo en común: flavona, mediante las lecturas en el espectrofotómetro UV/Vis y por comparación con lo publicado por TJ Mabry. Conclusión: Se determinó la posible estructura química de cinco flavonoides presentes en el extracto etanólico de cladodios de Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. "Tuna Verde".

[Assessment of the Chilean rural practitioner program by its participating physicians]. / Evaluación de la experiencia de participantes en estrategia de dotación de médicos generales en zonas rurales.

BACKGROUND: Rural areas have scarce medical resources. Initiatives to address this situation in Latin America exist, but have been poorly evaluated. The Chilean Rural Practitioner Program, a policy of recruitment and retention of physicians in rural areas, has been stable over time. AIM: To examine how physicians who participate in this program evaluate it. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Nationally representative cross sectional study. Physicians were chosen to respond online or by telephone a specially designed questionnaire about the Program. RESULTS: 202 participants answered (response rate of 60%). The overall experience was evaluated with 5.75 points (in a 1 to 7 scale). Participants gave the best scores to climatic conditions and economic income, and rated infrastructure, human resources and workload the worst. The evaluation of social relationships at the destination place was the only condition associated significantly with the overall assessment of the experience. Seventy percent of physicians would return to the destination place as a specialist. The value given to social relations and infrastructure were associated positively with this potential return. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the experience was positively evaluated. This study provides information to improve retention policies for human resources for health care in rural areas.